The Israel-Palestine difference: partial conclusions
about government and law
The
last two posts started with the aim of proposing a way in which governmental
authority could realize the EGALITARIAN SHARED SOVEREIGNTY. They presented two
ways in which sovereignty may be shared:
a) the
claiming agents Israel and Palestine “share in” sovereignty by each of them
participating in all the institutions in the third territory (executive,
legislative and judicial powers); and
b) the
claiming agents “share out” sovereignty by each party having sovereignty over a
different sphere.
Indeed,
we discarded the latter but draw some positive conclusions along the analysis:
1)
the disputed territories will have one legal system;
2)
this legal system will not be one of the existing ones;
3)
it will be created by the legislator;
4)
Israel and Palestine will “share in” sovereignty;
5)
the legal system will have certain notes (acceptability, humanity,
effectiveness, simplicity, and justice).
What
is clear is that the question related to law is a matter not of equality but of
acceptability to all parties by applying the EGALITARIAN SHARED SOVEREIGNTY. As
in the previous cases, the EGALITARIAN SHARED SOVEREIGNTY addresses the
controversies introduced when selecting the applicable law. In what is specific
to government and law, in the context of the Israel-Palestine difference, it
means:
Firstly,
the disputed territories will have an independent legal order based on
pre-existent systems, in the sense it uses what is best (so defined by its
acceptability, humanity, effectiveness, simplicity and justice) provided it
coheres with the rest of the system (egalitarian consensus principle and
principle of efficiency).
Secondly,
that all parties are involved in the administration (they “share in”
sovereignty). Therefore, the shares will be represented as bundles of rights
and obligations. In this case, the three agents have equal rights and
obligations to participate in every step in the creation, execution and
application of the law. Thus, as the second pre-requisite must be respected,
the liberties of the inhabitants of the disputed territories are protected.
Following the general aim of the model proposed here, the legal order would be
divided into three branches (one for each step in relation to the creation,
execution and application of the law). Thus, each branch should secure the
representation of both Israel and Palestine. Besides, in case of conflicts of
law there would be a Superior Tribunal or Higher Court with representatives of
Israel and Palestine. The details in respect of the election of the authorities
and their internal procedures would be reached in a new agreement that cannot
contradict in any sense the principles agreed in the original position.
Thirdly,
the rights of all the parties must be respected. Then, as all the agents will
participate in the making and decision process, the elected authorities of the
disputed territories would create, execute and apply law with the only limit
being the principles agreed in the original position. Therefore, in any
instance in which there was a contradiction between a norm and the agreement
reached in the original position, the contradictory norm would be automatically
invalid—safeguarding the interests of all the parties. Israel and Palestine
(through their representatives in the institutions of the disputed territories)
would have a further safeguard given by the veto power should their wishes were
being systematically overridden in the decision-making process used in the
institution.
In
summation, the previous paragraphs demonstrate how it is both possible and
advisable to deal with conflicts of law in a sovereignty dispute as a way of
solving the difference. By recognition of equal actual and potential rights and
burdens over the disputed territories (egalitarian consensus principle), each
agent (Israel and Palestine) would be in a relative similar situation,
including the inhabitants of the disputed territories.
In
particular, about the law, among several options, the establishment of an
independent legal system appears as a reasonable choice since it would secure
the interests of the population of the disputed territory and, at the same time,
the presence and equal relative position of both Israel and Palestine. Although
it would be an independent legal system, it would be recommendable that the
authorities in charge of the creation, execution and application of law had
representatives of the all the involved agents. By doing so, there is a shift
from equality to acceptability.
Therefore,
it would give the legal system a permanent feature that would support its
predictability and would result in the stability of the model as a whole since
it would embrace the interests of all the parties and would not leave any of
them in a comparable disadvantageous situation (equilibrium proviso). Indeed,
the combined working of the legal system, and in some ways the political one,
seem to require less use of the EGALITARIAN SHARED SOVEREIGNTY than other areas
and more use of choosing and combining elements from existing systems in order
to maximize and have a more efficient running of the system. But, these are
still parts of the solution proposed here, the egalitarian shared sovereignty
in the form of a) egalitarian consensus; and b) principle of efficiency that
result in c) equilibrium amongst the parties.
NOTE:
This post is based on Jorge Emilio Núñez, “Territorial Disputes and State
Sovereignty: International Law and Politics,” London and New York: Routledge,
Taylor and Francis Group, 2020 (forthcoming)
Previous
published research monograph about territorial disputes and sovereignty by the
author, Jorge Emilio Núñez, “Sovereignty Conflicts and International Law and
Politics: A Distributive Justice Issue,” London and New York: Routledge, Taylor
and Francis Group, 2017.
NEXT
POST: The Israel-Palestine difference: final words
Thursday 30th January 2020
Dr Jorge Emilio Núñez
Twitter: @London1701
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